• Respiratory system amphipneustic
• Anterior spiracles on short stalks, and posterior spiracles opening into a transverse cleft between fingerlike processes on 8th abdominal segment
• Prothoracic and anal prolegs unpaired

Merritt, R W., K W. Cummins, and M B. Berg. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Company, 2008